Refugee impact on collective management of forest resources: a case study of Bhutanese refugees in Nepal's Eastern Terai region

This article analyzes the relationship between forest resources, refugees, and the host population. The findings of the research suggest that the host population are heavily dependent on the local forest for their daily needs such as fuelwood, timber, grazing area, fodder for domestic animals, foods, and medicine in addition to cultural and esthetic needs. The forest has also been relied upon for agricultural needs such as manufacture of agricultural tools, maintenance of irrigation water systems, erosion control, and fertilizer needs. The forest was under a sustained demand as any other Terai forest of Nepal. After the arrival of refugees in 1992, the demand for forest resources increased substantially. Initially, the construction of the refugee camps decreased the total forest area and also required some felling of trees. More significantly, the refugees themselves became active users of the forest resource, which generated extra pressure on the forest and created scarcity of forest resources. Before the arrival of the refugees, forest management and monitoring of illegal use of the forest resources were carried out by the government through its local forester office. The local residents were active users of the forest resources, but were passive in managing and maintaining the forest resource. However, competition from the refugees instilled a desire in the local population to safeguard and protect the dwindling resource against the external threat by creating the Humse Dumse Community Forest.     

利用91卫图助手软件实现林业矢量数据坐标系的转换

以永平县林业矢量数据为例,利用91卫图助手软件和ArcGIS软件,通过北京54坐标系矢量数据在各坐标系下叠加、坐标系转换参数的计算、矢量数据坐标系的转换等步骤,阐述实现矢量数据坐标系WGS84、北京54、西安80和国家2000坐标系相互转换的方法,以实现各类自然资源矢量数据的共享。     

珍贵野生蔬菜蒲公英的有效成分与药理作用

蒲公英中含有胡萝卡素类、三萜类、植物甾醇类、倍半萜内酯类、香豆素类、黄酮类、酚酸类物质；药理研究证明蒲公英具有抑菌、抗内毒素、健胃、利胆、通乳和抗肿瘤等作用。     

关于漏电保护器误动作的原因分析

本文以单相漏电保护器为例,阐明其几种错误接线的原因,并针对其不同的错误安装接线方法,提出了具体的改进措施。     

二斑叶螨对甲氰菊酯和螺螨酯的抗性选育及增效剂的增效作用

［目的］ 探索二斑叶螨对甲氰菊酯和螺螨酯种群的抗性机理和抗性治理途径。 ［方法］ 采用室内生物测定法,以采自兰州兴隆山自然保护区的二斑叶螨为敏感种群（S）,在室内用甲氰菊酯和螺螨酯分别对二斑叶螨进行抗性选育;用增效醚(PBO)、顺丁烯二酸二乙酯(DEM)、磷酸三甲苯酯(TPP)、有机硅、噻酮进行增效作用研究。［结果］二斑叶螨经室内甲氰菊酯和螺螨酯抗性选育45代和30代后,抗性倍数分别达到314.50倍和77.92倍。TPP、PBO、DEM 3种增效剂对二斑叶螨抗甲氰菊酯种群的抗敏增效比分别为12.15、7.78和3.09,推测其抗性机理涉及的主要解毒酶是羧酸酯酶和多功能氧化酶; DEM对二斑叶螨抗螺螨酯种群的抗敏增效比大于TPP和PBO,分别为4.87、3.67和1.91,二斑叶螨对螺螨酯产生抗性机理可能与谷胱甘肽转移酶和羧酸酯酶活性增强有关。有机硅和噻酮对二斑叶螨抗甲氰菊酯和螺螨酯种群的抗敏增效指数比分别为1.38、1.42和1.18、0.92,说明二斑叶螨的抗性与表皮通透性改变关系不密切。 ［结论］ 上述结果可以为二斑叶螨的抗性治理提供依据。     

氯虫苯甲酰胺和氟虫双酰胺对不同虫态甜菜夜蛾的毒力作用

采用浸叶法、点滴法、夹毒叶片法、成虫药膜法、饲喂毒营养液法测定了氯虫苯甲酰胺、氟虫双酰胺对甜菜夜蛾卵、2~4龄幼虫、成虫的活性和对4龄幼虫的拒食活性,以明确氯虫苯甲酰胺和氟虫双酰胺对不同虫态甜菜夜蛾的毒力作用。结果表明,两种杀虫剂均不具有杀卵活性,但可以明显降低初孵幼虫存活率;氯虫苯甲酰胺、氟虫双酰胺均对2龄幼虫活性最高,分别为3龄幼虫的1.50、6.17倍和4龄幼虫的22.25、44.95倍,对4龄幼虫胃毒活性分别为触杀活性的14.10、8.44倍;氯虫苯甲酰胺对甜菜夜蛾成虫毒力为氟虫双酰胺的25.53~34.19倍。氯虫苯甲酰胺、氟虫双酰胺对甜菜夜蛾幼虫表现出较强的拒食作用, 至处理后48 h拒食率达到最高, 分别为 82.73%、84.15%,显著高于对照药剂甲维盐各浓度处理,处理试虫虫体皱缩、体节缩短,体重增加率明显低于对照和甲维盐各处理。     

榕小蜂传粉行为对其繁殖的影响

在西双版纳热带雨林中,对叶榕的传粉榕小蜂不同运载花粉的过程对寄主榕果和自身后代的繁殖都有影响.传粉榕小蜂主动为对叶榕传粉,在雌株上的榕果内,榕小蜂传粉使雌花受精发育成种子,榕小蜂不能在雌果中繁衍后代;在雄株上的榕果里,只有雄花和榕小蜂寄生的雌花,而不能产生种子.从雄花期榕果内出来的传粉榕小蜂雌蜂,飞到其它雄树上寻找雌花期的榕果产卵繁殖后代,经过飞翔的一只雌蜂在一个榕果内制造瘿花353.93±91.72朵,最终发育到成虫期的榕小蜂数量为每果283.28±101.42只,平均瘿花率和成蜂率分别是0.26和0.81.通过控制实验阻断繁殖雌蜂的飞行过程,一只雌蜂在一个榕果内可制造瘿花446.74±60.06朵,完成发育的榕小蜂数量是386.15±87.46只,平均瘿花率和成蜂率分别是0.31和0.88.显然,飞行运载花粉的代价直接减少了传粉榕小蜂繁育后代的数量.     

植物源蒸馏油对柑橘木虱控制效果的评价

植物源蒸馏油是一种新型植物油，本文探讨了植物源蒸馏油在害虫控制中的应用潜力。以矿物油乳剂为参照，以柑橘木虱为试虫，分析比较植物油蒸馏油的触杀和拒避作用。植物油和矿物油对柑橘木虱的卵、若虫和成虫均有一定的触杀作用，其中对若虫尤其低龄若虫的触杀作用最强，可达90%以上。两种油剂对雌虫产卵均有一定的拒避作用，拒避雌虫产卵维持约2 d。两种油剂对成虫寄主选择没有明显的拒避作用。总体上，植物源蒸馏油对柑橘木虱的触杀作用以及对成虫的拒避作用与矿物油相当。如果进一步改进该植物油的乳化效果，可替代矿物油乳剂应用于害虫防治中。     

EM菌在水产养殖中的应用概述

为了能改善水质、渔业增殖和修复生态环境,EM菌的应用得到了广泛的关注,成为近几年研究的热点。鉴于此,本研究系统梳理了EM菌的定义及来源,综述了国内外近几十年EM菌在水产养殖中的作用效果及其作用机理,阐述了影响EM菌作用效果的因素等;发现EM菌在调控微生物生态结构、降低水环境中有害物质、提高免疫、增重增产等方面有着显著的效果,但EM菌技术的基础理论研究还比较薄弱,且生产技术及应用过程等还存在着不足。因此今后应提高生产技术,建立和提高筛选系统,并开发EM菌在水产养殖研究和应用的新领域,为水产养殖创造更大的经济价值,并为可持续养殖提供可能。     

Effects of remifentanil on monophasic action potential and transmural dispersion of repolarization in rabbit myocardium

AIM: To study the effect of remifentanil on monophasic action potential and transmural dispersion of repolarization (TDR) in the 3-layer myocardium of isolated rabbit hearts. METHODS: Adult rabbits (n=18, 2.0 ~ 2.5 kg) were used to isolate the hearts for preparing Langendorff perfusion model. The hearts were randomly divided into 3 groups after perfusion with K-H solution for 15 min: the perfusion in control group (C group) continued for 60 min; the hearts in remifentanil group (R group) were perfused with 12 μg/L remifentanil K-H solution for 60 min; the hearts in remifentanil+aminophylline group (RA group) were given 60-min perfusion of 12 μg/L K-H remifentanil+30 mg/L aminophylline. The HR and 3 layers of myocardial monophasic action potential (MAP) in the left ventricular anterior wall were recorded at time points after balanced infusion for 15 min (T₀), and continued perfusion for 15 min (T₁), 30 min (T₂) and 60 min (T₃). The monophasic action potential duration of repolarization at 90% (MAPD₉₀) and the transmural dispersion of repolarization (TDR) were calculated. The early afterdepolarization, delay afterdepolarization and arrhythmia were also observed. RESULTS: In R group, slower HR and prolonger MAPD₉₀ and TDR at T₁~T₃ were observed as compared with those at T₀ (P<0.05). R group showed slower HR and longer MAPD₉₀ and TDR than C group and RA group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Remifentanil slows the HR, extends the MAPD₉₀ and increases the TDR, thus being prone to induce reentry. Aminophylline makes HR faster and MAPD₉₀ shorter, thereby reducing the TDR.